Evidence-Based Cardiology Practice --- Evidence-Based Medicine Resources --- Clinical Practice Guidelines --- Evidence Is Not Enough --- Evaluation of Patient With Cardiovascular Problem --- History --- Physical Examination --- Differential Diagnosis of Murmurs by Maneuvers --- Electrocardiography --- Normal Electrocardiograms --- Abnormal Electrocardiograms --- Exercise Stress Testing --- Indications for EST --- Contraindications3 --- Exercise Stress Test Protocols --- Evaluation of Functional Capacity --- Heart Rate Response --- Blood Pressure Response --- Electrocardiogram Changes --- Arrhythmias --- Recovery --- Indications for Termination of Exercise Stress Testing3 --- Echocardiography --- Transthoracic Study --- Doppler Echocardiography --- Myocardial Tissue Doppler Imaging --- Transesophageal Echocardiography --- Contrast Echocardiography --- Stress Echocardiography --- Study of Myocardial Viability --- Three-Dimensional Echocardiography --- Two-Dimensional (Speckled) Strain Echocardiography --- Study of the Cardiac Chambers --- Study of Valvular Heart Disease --- Chest Radiography in Cardiovascular Disease --- Normal Chest Radiographs --- The Chest Radiograph in Heart Disease --- Mitral Valve Disease --- Aortic Valve Disease --- Aortic Regurgitation --- Pulmonary Stenosis --- Pulmonary Regurgitation --- Tricuspid Valve Disease --- Congenital Heart Disease --- Cardiac Computed Tomography --- MDCT Terminology --- Scan Modes --- Radiation Exposure --- Patient Preparation --- Cardiac Computed Tomography Anatomy11–13 --- Calcium Scoring --- Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography --- Assessment of Cardiovascular Structure and Function --- Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging --- Basic Physics, Technical Considerations, and Imaging Tools --- Hardware and Technical Requirements --- Clinical Applications --- Patient Selection and Preparation --- Specific Indications and Magnetic Resonance Techniques --- Nuclear Cardiology --- Radiopharmaceuticals --- Detection of Coronary Artery Disease and Stress Tests --- Electrocardiography-Gated SPECT --- Image Interpretation --- Semiquantitative Visual Analysis --- Normal Variations, Artifacts, and Pitfalls --- Assessment of Viability --- Radionuclide Angiography --- Positron Emission Tomography --- Radionuclide Imaging of Cardiac Amyloidosis --- Catheterization and Angiography --- Radiation Safety --- Precatheterization Preparations1 --- Access --- Sheaths and Catheters --- Guidewires --- Left Heart Catheterization --- Right Heart Catheterization --- Coronary Angiography Indications --- Coronary Catheter Manipulation --- Coronary Anatomy --- Angiographic Projections --- Coronary Findings and Interpretation --- Coronary Anomalies and Variations --- Catheterization Complications --- Hemodynamic Study --- Pressure Measurement --- Oximetry Measurements --- Temperature Measurements --- Cardiac Performance --- Clinical Implications of Right Heart Catheterization --- Intra-aortic Balloon Pump17 --- Heart Failure and Pulmonary Hypertension --- Heart Failure Definition --- Diagnostic Workup for Heart Failure --- Acute Heart Failure --- Therapeutic Approach to Chronic Heart Failure1–5,12,15,17,22 --- Pulmonary hypertension34–46 --- Tachyarrhythmias --- Clinical Presentation --- Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices --- NBG Codes for Pacemakers --- NBD Codes for Defibrillators --- Classification of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices --- Components of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices --- Pacing Modes --- Timing Cycle of Pacing --- Programming Considerations for Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators --- Optimizing Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy by Device Programming --- Troubleshooting --- Bradyarrhythmias --- Clinical Presentation --- Sinus Node Dysfunction --- Atrioventricular Block --- Electrophysiology Tracing Interpretation --- What Is Electrophysiology (EP) Procedure? --- EP Catheter Implantation --- Electrophysiology Tracing Structure --- Signal Recording and Sequences in Normal Heart --- Pacing Maneuvers in an Electrophysiology Study --- Overdrive Pacing Effect on Conduction System --- Programmed Electrical Stimulation maneuver --- Role of EPS in Bradyarrhythmia detection --- How to Interpret Tachyarrhythmia Tracing? --- Usual Arrhythmia Characteristics --- Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Therapy of Cardiac Arrhythmia --- Mechanisms of Cardiac Arrhythmias --- History and Physical Exam --- Antiarrhythmic Drugs --- Nonpharmacological Treatment of Cardiac Arrhythmia --- Hypotension and Syncope --- Prevalence --- Classification of Syncope --- Diagnosis --- Clinical Presentation and Treatment of Common Causes of Syncope --- Driving Restrictions --- Preventive Cardiology --- Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk --- Hypertension --- Dyslipidemia (Table 19.6) --- Smoking --- Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome --- Metabolic Syndrome (Syndrome X) --- Obesity --- Diet and Supplements --- Alcohol Consumption --- Vitamin D --- Coenzyme Q10 --- Inflammatory Markers --- Cardiac Rehabilitation --- Hypertension --- Mechanisms of Hypertension --- Diagnosis of Hypertension --- Hypertension Management --- Resistant Hypertension --- Hypertension in Pregnancy --- Perioperative Hypertension Management --- Therapeutic Goals in Hypertension --- Acute Blood Pressure Elevations --- Dyslipidemia --- Biochemistry and Metabolism of Lipids --- Lipoprotein Disorders --- Impact of Lipoprotein Disorders on Cardiovascular Risk --- Management of Lipoprotein Disorders --- Treatment Goals in Lipoprotein Disorders --- ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction --- Clinical Evaluation --- Complications of ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction --- Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes --- Pathophysiology --- Initial Assessment --- Risk Stratification --- Management --- Anti-ischemic Drugs --- Antiplatelet Therapy --- Anticoagulant Therapy --- Lipid-Lowering Agents --- Early Invasive vs Conservative Strategies --- Long-Term Management --- Management of NSTE-ACS in Special Subgroups --- Prinzmetal Variant Angina --- Stable Ischemic Heart Disease --- Pathophysiology --- Clinical Manifestations --- Physical Examination --- Differential Diagnosis --- Special Groups --- Follow-up of Patients With Stable Ischemic Heart Disease --- Percutaneous Coronary Intervention --- Plain Old Balloon Angioplasty --- Bare Metal Stents --- Drug-Eluting Stents --- Stent Thrombosis --- Chronic Stable Angina --- Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Left Main Coronary Artery Lesions --- Multivessel Disease --- Patients With Diabetes Mellitus --- Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Acute Coronary Syndrome --- Intravascular Ultrasonography --- Fractional Flow Reserve --- Rotablator (Rotational Atherectomy) --- Postintervention Care --- Transcatheter Therapies for Structural Heart Diseases --- Intervention in Structural Heart Disorders --- Occlusion of Cardiac Defects --- Mitral Valve Interventions --- Aorta and Aortic Valve Interventions --- Pulmonary Valve Intervention --- Aortic Disorders and Their Management --- Pathology and Pathophysiology of Aortic Aneurysms --- Acute Aortic Syndromes --- Peripheral Artery Disease --- Epidemiology --- Clinical Manifestations --- Cardiomyopathies and Myocarditis --- Dilated Cardiomyopathy1–12 --- Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy14–17 --- Restrictive Cardiomyopathy1,18–34 --- Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy44–47 --- Valvular Heart Disease --- Aortic Valve --- Myocardial Ischemia --- Mitral Valve Disease --- Mitral Regurgitation --- Mitral Valve Prolapse --- Tricuspid Valve Disease --- Pulmonary Valve Stenosis --- Pulmonic Regurgitation --- Percutaneous Valve Replacement --- Conclusions --- Infective Endocarditis --- Epidemiology --- Microbiology --- Diagnosis --- Pericardial Disease --- Normal Pericardium, Anatomy, and Function --- Causes, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology of Acute Pericarditis --- Pericardial Effusion --- Tamponade --- Constrictive Pericarditis --- Effusive–Constrictive Pericarditis --- Specific Causes of Pericardial Disease --- Conclusion --- Congenital Heart Disease --- Basic Nomenclature and Segmental Approach to Congenital Heart Disease --- Clinical Issues in Congenital Heart Disease --- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension and Eisenmenger Syndrome --- Heart Failure --- Specific Congenital Cardiac Defects --- Venous Thromboembolism --- Epidemiology --- Clinical Risk Factors --- Pathophysiology of VTE --- Approach to Patients With Acute DVT --- Additional Test for Patients With Established VTE --- Clinical Course --- Treatment --- Special Therapeutic Consideration for Patients With VTE --- Prevention --- Genetics of Cardiovascular Disease and Applications of Genetic Testing --- Genetic Testing and Variant Interpretation --- Monogenic Forms of Congenital Heart Defects --- Inherited Cardiomyopathies --- Left Ventricular Noncompaction Cardiomyopathy --- Cardiac Electrophysiology --- Pharmacogenomics and Polymorphisms --- Future Perspectives --- Renal Disorders and Cardiovascular Disease --- Homeostasis1–22 --- Classifications and Definitions3–5 --- Diagnosis --- Respiratory Acidosis3–5 --- Respiratory Alkalosis3–5 --- Metabolic Acidosis1–22 --- Metabolic Alkalosis1–22 --- Cardiorenal Syndrome --- Endocrine Disorders and the Cardiovascular System --- Growth Hormone --- Adult GH Deficiency --- Acromegaly --- Thyroid and Cardiovascular System --- Hypothyroidism --- Thyroid and Amiodarone --- Treatment --- Endocrine Hypertension --- Cushing Syndrome --- Vitamin D and Cardiovascular System --- The Heart and Pulmonary Diseases --- Heart Dysfunction Caused by Chronic Respiratory Disease --- Pathophysiology --- Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis --- Treatment --- Systemic Diseases With Concomitant Lung and Heart Involvement --- Cardiovascular Drugs and Hemostasis --- Contrast Media --- Strategy for Preventing Radiocontrast-Induced Nephropathy --- Hypersensitivity Reactions to Radiographic Contrast Media --- Premedication Regimen in Immediate Hypersensitivity Reaction --- Antiplatelet Therapy in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention --- Introduction --- Aspirin Therapy --- Thienopyridine Therapy --- Ticlopidine --- Limitations of Use --- Clopidogrel --- Prasugrel --- Anticoagulant Therapy --- Introduction --- Anticoagulant Therapy: Classification --- Parenteral --- Oral --- Pregnancy and Venous Thromboembolism --- Anticoagulant Therapy to Prevent Embolization in Atrial Fibrillation --- Anticoagulation Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation --- Unfractionated Heparin in Atrial Fibrillation --- Anticoagulation Before Cardioversion for Atrial Fibrillation Treatment --- Hemostasis Management of Cardiac Surgical Hemorrhage --- Introduction --- Fibrinogen --- Fresh-Frozen Plasma --- Prothrombin Complex Concentrates --- Platelets --- Antifibrinolytic Drugs --- Activated Prothrombin Complex Concentrate --- Topical Sealants --- Fibrin, Albumin, and Synthetic Sealants --- 40: COVID-19 Infection: A Novel Fatal Pandemic of the World in 2020 --- Epidemiology --- Signs and Symptoms --- Treatment --- COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Disease --- Cardiovascular Disease in the COVID-19 Era: Myocardial Injury and Thrombosis --- Diagnostic Approach to Patients With Acute Cardiac Injury --- Complications of Cardiac Injury in COVID-19 --- Thrombosis in the COVID-19 Outbreak --- Cardio-Oncology --- Screening Before Anticancer Therapy --- Primary Prevention Therapy --- Surveillance Strategies During Cancer Treatment --- Patients With a History of Mediastinal Chest Radiation --- Conclusion --- Anesthesia and Sedation in Cardiac Patients --- Preoperative Anesthetic Assessment of Patients for Cardiac Surgery --- Risk Assessment of Patients for Cardiac Surgery --- Principles of Cardiac Anesthesia --- Cardiac Anesthesia Drugs and Techniques --- Noncardiac Surgery in Cardiac Patients --- Sedation and Analgesia for Cardiovascular Procedures --- Drugs Used for Procedural Sedation --- Monitoring During Procedural Sedation --- Sedation and Respiratory Care in Critically Ill Cardiac Care Unit Patients --- Principles of Cardiovascular Surgery --- Extracorporeal Circulation --- Deep Hypothermia and Circulatory Arrest --- Myocardial Protection --- Postoperative Care --- Insufficient Preload --- Cardiac Causes --- Increased Ventricular Afterload --- Approach to a Low-Output State --- Anticoagulation --- Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia --- Coronary Artery Bypass Graft --- Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Graft --- Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery --- Cardiac Surgery and COVID-19