An Martin, Alan. creator Harbison, Sam. Beach, Karen. Cole, Peter. text Electronic books. xx 2018 7th ed. monographic eng 1 online resource (247 pages) Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Authors -- 1. The structure of matter -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The atom -- 1.3 The structure of the atom -- 1.4 Elements and atomic number -- 1.5 Isotopes and mass number -- 1.6 Ancient and modern theories -- Summary of key points -- Revision questions -- 2. Radioactivity and radiation -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Alpha, beta and gamma radiation -- 2.3 Electronvolt -- 2.4 The mechanism of radioactive decay -- 2.5 Natural radioactive series -- 2.6 Induced radioactivity -- 2.7 The unit of radioactivity -- 2.8 Nuclide chart -- 2.9 Interaction of radiation with matter -- 2.9.1 Charged particles -- 2.9.2 X and . radiations -- 2.9.3 Neutrons -- 2.10 Penetrating powers of nuclear radiations -- Summary of key points -- Revision questions -- 3. Radiation units -- 3.1 Absorption of energy -- 3.2 Ionization -- 3.3 Absorbed dose -- 3.4 Equivalent dose -- 3.5 Effective dose -- 3.6 Submultiples -- 3.7 Dose rate -- 3.8 Flux -- 3.9 Relationship of units -- 3.10 International radiation symbols -- Summary of key points -- Revision questions -- 4. Biological effects of radiation -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Basic human physiology -- 4.2.1 Circulatory system -- 4.2.2 Respiratory system -- 4.2.3 Digestive system -- 4.3 Cell biology -- 4.4 Interaction of radiation with cells -- 4.5 Harmful tissue reactions -- 4.5.1 Acute radiation effects -- 4.5.2 Late tissue reactions -- 4.6 Stochastic effects: cancer induction -- 4.7 Stochastic effects: heritable -- 4.8 Detriment -- Summary of key points -- Revision questions -- 5. Natural and man-made radiation -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Cosmic radiation -- 5.3 Radiation from terrestrial sources -- 5.4 Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material (NORM) -- 5.5 Radioactivity in the body -- 5.5.1 Radon -- 5.6 Summary of doses from natural radiation. 5.7 Man-made radiation exposure -- 5.7.1 Diagnostic radiology -- 5.7.2 Radiotherapy -- 5.7.3 Nuclear medicine -- 5.7.4 Radioactive waste -- 5.7.5 Atmospheric fallout -- 5.7.6 Occupational exposure -- 5.8 Summary of current sources of radiation -- Summary of key points -- Revision questions -- 6. The system of radiological protection -- 6.1 The role of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) -- 6.2 The 2007 recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (Publication 103) -- 6.3 Recommended dose limits -- 6.3.1 Basis of dose limits -- 6.3.2 Recommended dose limits for workers -- 6.3.3 Notes on the dose limits for workers -- 6.3.4 Recommended dose limits for individual members of the public -- 6.4 Planned exposure situations -- 6.5 Emergency exposure situations -- 6.6 Existing exposure situations -- Summary of key points -- Revision questions -- 7. Radiation detection and measurement -- 7.1 General principles -- 7.2 Ionization of a gas -- 7.2.1 Ionization chamber -- 7.2.2 Proportional counter -- 7.2.3 Geiger-M�uller counter -- 7.3 Solid-state detectors -- 7.3.1 Mechanism -- 7.3.2 Semiconductor detectors -- 7.3.3 Scintillation detectors -- 7.3.4 Luminescence detectors -- 7.4 Activation effect -- 7.5 Pulse counting systems -- 7.5.1 Basic counting systems -- 7.5.2 Pulse Height Analyzer (PHA) -- 7.5.3 Ratemeter -- 7.6 Maintenance, testing and calibration of radiation-monitoring instrumentation -- 7.6.1 Initial testing -- 7.6.2 Operator pre-use checks -- 7.6.3 Periodic examination and testing (including calibration) -- Summary of key points -- Revision questions -- 8. The external radiation hazard -- 8.1 Source of the hazard -- 8.2 Time -- 8.3 Distance -- 8.3.1 A point source -- 8.3.2 A line source -- 8.3.3 A disc source -- 8.4 Shielding -- 8.4.1 Half-value layer -- 8.5 Neutron sources. 8.6 Personal dose control -- 8.7 Survey monitoring -- 8.7.1 Radiation survey monitoring -- 8.7.2 X and . radiation monitors -- 8.7.3 Neutron monitors -- 8.8 Personnel monitoring equipment -- 8.8.1 Personal dosimetry -- 8.8.2 Thermoluminescent dosimeters -- 8.8.3 Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters -- 8.8.4 Personal electronic dosimeter -- 8.8.5 Fast neutron dosimeter -- 8.8.6 Criticality locket -- 8.9 Radiation records -- Summary of key points -- Revision questions -- 9. The internal radiation hazard -- 9.1 Uncontained radioactivity -- 9.2 Routes of entry -- 9.3 Assessment of dose -- 9.3.1 Dose coefficient -- 9.3.2 Annual limit of intake -- 9.4 Control of the contamination hazard -- 9.4.1 Basic principles -- 9.4.2 Area classification -- 9.4.3 Protective clothing -- 9.4.4 House rules and training of personnel -- 9.5 Radiotoxicity and laboratory classifications -- 9.6 Design of areas for radioactive work -- 9.6.1 Walls, floors and ceilings -- 9.6.2 Working surfaces -- 9.6.3 Glove boxes -- 9.6.4 Fume cupboards -- 9.7 Treatment of contaminated personnel -- 9.8 Contamination monitoring -- 9.8.1 Sensitivity -- 9.8.2 Direct surface contamination monitoring -- 9.8.3 Smear surveys -- 9.8.4 Air monitoring -- 9.9 Personal monitoring -- Summary of key points -- Revision questions -- 10. The principles of risk assessment -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Hazards, scenarios and risk -- 10.2.1 Nomenclature -- 10.2.2 Risk scenarios -- 10.2.3 Likelihoods and consequences -- 10.2.4 Suitable and sufficient risk assessments -- 10.2.5 Types of risk assessments -- 10.3 The basic steps in risk assessment -- 10.4 Probabilistic risk assessments -- 10.5 Uncertainty, sensitivity and acceptability -- 10.5.1 Uncertainty and sensitivity -- 10.5.2 Acceptability of risk -- 10.6 Risk perception and communication -- Summary of key points -- Revision questions. 11. Practical health physics techniques -- 11.1 Basic techniques -- 11.2 Analysis techniques -- 11.2.1 Identification of unknown samples -- 11.2.2 Energy determination -- 11.2.3 Determination of half-life -- 11.2.4 Gross alpha and beta counting -- 11.2.5 Corrections for resolving time -- 11.2.6 Counting statistics -- 11.3 Leak testing of radioactive sealed sources -- Summary of key points -- Revision questions -- 12. Legislation and regulations related to radiation protection -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) -- 12.3 The Euratom directive -- 12.4 Converting the EC directive into UK law -- 12.5 Regulatory framework under the Health and Safety at Work Act -- 12.5.1 Regulations -- 12.5.2 Approved code of practice and other guidance -- 12.5.3 Radiation risk assessment -- 12.6 Environmental regulatory framework in the United Kingdom -- 12.7 Transport of radioactive material -- 12.8 Summary of the UK regulatory framework -- 12.9 Brief summary of international guidance and regulations in other countries -- 12.9.1 France -- 12.9.2 Germany -- 12.9.3 Japan -- 12.9.4 United States -- 12.9.5 Australia -- 12.9.6 New Zealand -- Summary of key points -- Revision questions -- 13. Radiation protection in the nuclear industry -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Fission -- 13.2.1 The fission process -- 13.2.2 Chain reactions and criticality -- 13.2.3 Fission products -- 13.2.4 Transuranic elements -- 13.2.5 Activation products -- 13.3 Basic features of reactor systems -- 13.3.1 The core and control system -- 13.3.2 The cooling system -- 13.3.3 The biological shield -- 13.4 Different reactor systems -- 13.4.1 Power reactors -- 13.4.2 Small modular reactors -- 13.4.3 Research reactors -- 13.5 Refuelling reactors -- 13.6 Radiation hazards from reactors -- 13.6.1 General -- 13.6.2 Sources of radiation. 13.6.2.1 Radiation from the core -- 13.6.2.2 Radiation from the coolant -- 13.6.3 Sources of radioactive contamination -- 13.6.3.1 Beta emitters -- 13.6.3.2 Coolant leaks -- 13.6.3.3 Containment -- 13.6.4 The shutdown reactor -- 13.6.4.1 Maintenance -- 13.6.4.2 External radiation -- 13.6.4.3 Contamination -- 13.7 Fuel storage ponds -- 13.7.1 Introduction -- 13.7.2 Criticality -- 13.7.3 Loss of shielding -- 13.7.4 Operational aspects -- 13.7.5 Pond instrumentation -- 13.8 The nuclear fuel cycle -- 13.8.1 Front-end operations -- 13.8.1.1 Uranium mining -- 13.8.1.2 Uranium enrichment -- 13.8.1.3 Fuel fabrication -- 13.8.2 Back-end operations -- 13.8.2.1 Fuel reprocessing -- 13.8.2.2 Long-term storage -- 13.8.2.3 Waste and decommissioning -- 13.9 Safety analysis of nuclear facilities -- 13.9.1 Deterministic safety analysis -- 13.9.2 Probabilistic safety analysis -- 13.9.3 Severe accident analysis -- Summary of key points -- Revision questions -- 14. Radioactive waste and the decommissioning of radioactive facilities -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Radioactive liquid waste -- 14.3 Radioactive gaseous waste -- 14.4 Radioactive solid waste -- 14.5 Radiological environmental impact of releases -- 14.5.1 Legal requirements -- 14.5.2 Methodology -- 14.5.2.1 Definition of source term -- 14.5.2.2 Mode of discharge -- 14.5.2.3 Characterization of receiving environment -- 14.5.2.4 Identification of exposure pathways -- 14.5.2.5 Assessment of doses and identification of reference person -- 14.5.2.6 Criteria -- 14.5.2.7 Operational surveys and reviews -- 14.5.3 Application to disposals of solid waste -- 14.5.4 Effects on non-human species -- 14.6 Decommissioning of radioactive facilities -- 14.6.1 Planning and preparation -- 14.6.2 Stages of decommissioning -- 14.6.2.1 Nuclear power plants -- 14.6.2.2 Research reactors. 14.6.2.3 Other facilities in the nuclear fuel cycle. Radiation-Physiological effect Radiation-Safety measures QH652 .M378 2019 363.17/99029 Martin, Alan Milton : Taylor & Francis Group,c2018 9780429814082 https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/vajira-ebooks/detail.action?docID=5558331 https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/vajira-ebooks/detail.action?docID=5558331 MiAaPQ 210722 20210809111918.0 EBC5558331 eng